There was an intensive connection between the ruling dynasty and the city of Nippur. )], Buga[u?] Idem, Foreign Relations of Babylonia from 1600 to 625 B.C. 111, no. Although both the level of urbanization and of the rural population in Babylonia was lower than that in the early second millennium BCE (cf. The Kassite and post-Kassite kings granted land to temples, members of the royal family, and functionaries. that the plagues mentioned in the Book of Exodus from the Hebrew Bible . The Worst Televangelist Product Scams Of All Time. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. This article is available in print.Vol. What Really Happened Between Ruth and Boaz On The Threshing Floor. The only named ruler of Bt-Hamban bore the Kassite anthroponym (originally title) Ianz. 31217, Levine, Louis D. "Geographical Studies in the Neo-Assyrian ZagrosI." [28][29] A typical treaties include the EgyptianHittite peace treaty (c.1259 BC) and the treaty between the Kassite ruler Karaindash and the Assyrian ruler Ashur-bel-nisheshu (c. 1410 BC). Picture Study Bible - StudyBible with Pictures and Maps. Omissions? 229-244, Brinkman, J. Along with pictures of important people, places, and events, you will learn about the Kassites like never before. Their leaders came to power in Babylon following the collapse of the ruling dynasty of the Old Babylonian Period in 1595 BC. 93, no. 479-491, Potts, D. T. Elamites and Kassites in the Persian Gulf. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. Mid-12th Century. It is thought that the Kassites originated as tribal groups in the Zagros Mountains to the north-east of Babylonia. There is very little evidence for serious political problems before the thirteenth century BC when Assyria to the north and Elam to the east began to threaten Babylonia, and eventually brought an end to Kassite control. The Assyrians were great warriors. The Babylonian Empire under the Kassites, c. 13th century BC. Remember that Hebrews existed before the Egyptian captivity. The Kassites first appeared during the reign of Samsu-iluna (1749-1712 BC), son of Hammurabi of the First Babylonian Dynasty and after being defeated by Babylon, moved to control the city-state of Mari. Our collection of maps are simple and they are free. 403-10. Kassite period. H. Gasche, J. The city of Babylon had been a city-state in Mesopotamia for many years. Their Akkadian name Ka originates from a Kassite form *G/Kal- (cf. However, P. Huber (1999-2000) rejects the astronomical evidence adduced by Gurzadyan (in Gasche et al., 1998, pp. Les Kassites, un peuple antique qui n'tait ni indo-europen, ni smite, tait originaire du Lorestan. The problem is that there are several places called Ur. The Kassites entered into Babylon after the Old Babylonian Empire and established their rule around 1531 B.C. 15-26. D. Charpin, propos des rois de Hana, Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brves et Utilitaires, 1995, no. [54] A Kassite text found at Dur-Kurigalzu mentions glass given to artisans for palace decoration and similar glass was found there. 233234, Levine, Louis D. The Second Campaign of Sennacherib. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. The Interpreter's Commentary on the Bible p. 5. The Babylonians were the first to form an empire that would encompass all of Mesopotamia. There is only soft evidence about whether or not the Habiru are actually the Hebrews. Iggy, your theory is not an uncommon one. They conquered lands in Mesopotamia and in what is now Turkey. 1/2, 1981, pp. van Soldt Grammatical Irregularities in Middle Babylonian Texts and their Chronology 165 Helen Malko The Kassites of Babylonia: A Re-examination of an Ethnic Identity 177 Odette Boivin The Palace as Economic Production . atttacks Babylonia and takes the throne in 1224. Maps are essential for any serious Bible study. ; De Smet, 1990; De Graef, 1998, pp. The Kassite kings appear to have been members of a small military aristocracy but were apparently efficient rulers and not locally unpopular. All the Kassite rulers up to Katilya IV inclusive bore Kassite names, the only exception being Kudur-Enlil, whose first component is not originally Akkadian but Elamite (cf. Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. Balkan, 1954, pp. [34] Being in close proximity the Assyrians and Kassites often came into political and military conflict over the next few centuries. . West of Edin: Tell al-Deylam and the Babylonian City of Dilbat The Biblical Archaeologist , Vol. 1360 to 1220 BCE. There may be several Kassite names in Old Babylonian uarr in the Zagros (see Eidem, 1992, p. 49b, top; Sassmannshausen, 1999, p. 412 with n. 16). 470 f.; Sassmannshausen, 1999, pp. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Their main project was the foundation of a new capital, named Dr-Kurigalzu Kurigalzus fortress (this type of place name is common in second- and early first-millennium Babylonia, where the initial component precedes a Kassite anthroponym (e.g., Agum and Burra-sah, Nashef, 1982, pp. They date the fall of Babylon to ca. 4553, Paulus, Susanne. [52] Many small pottery kilns, generally no bigger than 2 meters in diameter with domed tops, were found in the Babylonian city of Dilbat. 41, no. (paternal name) seem to be the only ones which resemble names with relevance to Kassites (cf. 1-44, van Koppen, Frans. Most belong to the archives of the guenna (provincial governor) of the city of Nippur and seem to indicate a feudal system of government during the 14th and 13th centuries. Yanoam is made non-existent. 131 f.). But, dont take my word for all of that. Bearded men, religious symbols, horned quadrupeds, and fauna are often shown in these images. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Babylonia under the Kassites: Some Aspects for Consideration". 11, no. The Kassites, the ancient Near Eastern people who seized power in Babylonia following the fall of the first Babylonian Dynasty and subsequently went on to rule it for some three hundred and fifty years during the late bronze age, possessed a pantheon of gods but few are known beyond the laconic mention in the theophoric element of a name. G. del Monte and J. Tischler, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der hethitischen Texte, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 6, Wiesbaden, 1978. It is either anachronistic, or a poor translation. https://www.worldhistory.org/kassite/. J.A. Kassites. But how can people not see Ahmose named her son Ahmose because she pulled him from the water. 5 ff. Kassites and Assyrians. XVI, Fasc. Early on, refurbishments were conducted of the various religious and administrative buildings, the first of these datable to Kurigalzu I. The images were made by stamping or rolling the seals into wet clay. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Why Did Christ Ride a Donkey on His Triumphant Entry? Brinkman, Provincial Administration in Babylonia under the second Dynasty of Isin, JESHO 6, 1963, pp. F. H. Weissbach, he Kissa, in Pauly-Wissowa, RE 21, 1921, pp. L. Sassmannshausen, The Adaptation of the Kassites to the Babylonian Civilization, in K. van Lerberghe and G. Voet, eds., Languages and Cultures in Contact. Last modified August 03, 2011. There are fewer female functionaries and professionals. 146-164, Brinkman, John Anthony. Five prominent individuals and several places in Inner Media had Kassite names. [57] The images created by these seals were unique to each seal, but many shared the same subject matter. Kassite rulers built temples to Babylonian deities. Related Content As semi-nomads the Kassites were organized in family and tribal units. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. 11, No. ''Some Shared Traditions Between Hana and the Kassites'', In Crossing Boundaries and Linking Horizons: Studies in Honor of Michael C. Astour on His 80th Birthday, 417-432.Potts, D. T. (2006). Download Free PDF View PDF. 1-14. However, Huber (1999-2000, p. 289b) doubts the mere three-year interval. They include red, black and brown Nubians, pre-dynastic lower Nilotes, and the Ainu/Annu. 73, No. 24 f., 33 f., 38 f., 45, 54, 57, 66 f., 68 ff., 82 ff., 92 ff.). The Canaan has been plundered into every sort of woe: This negative find, compared with the hypothetical appearance of Kassite names in the documents from Old Babylonian Susa, may strengthen the case for an eastern origin of the Kassites. 209-23. I; Chronicles conserning early babylonian Studies in Eastern History, II. (Adaside dynasty1700722 BCE)Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II, Second Intermediate PeriodSixteenthDynasty 685685, Malko, Helen. [10][11] A few inscribed building materials of Kurigalzu I were found at Kish. 9 f.) thinks that the governor of Nippur was the head of the Babylonian aristocrats, but his suggestion, namely, that in the personality of the governor of Nippur was manifested to a certain degree the personality of a second king, cannot be substantiated. The Kassites were members of a small military aristocracy but were efficient rulers and locally popular, and their 500-year reign laid an essential groundwork for the development of subsequent Babylonian culture. The Kassites: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Civilization that Ruled the Babylonian Empire after Hammurabi and the First Babylonian Dynasty eBook : Charles River Editors: Amazon.co.uk: Kindle Store Israel is laid waste and his seed is not; Israel is also mentioned in the base of a statue from Egypt. We can learn about the society where the ancient Israelites, and later Jesus and the Apostles, lived through the modern discoveries that provide us clues. Kassites held important positions in the state sector as late as Nab-mukn-aplis reign (978-943 BCE). Kassites after the fall of the Kassite dynasty. Museum, British. 3, 1973, pp. Volume 2 Kardunia. They were divided into three main tribes, the Bit-Dakkuri, the Bit-Amukani, and the Bit-Jakin, against whom the Assyrians waged war in the ninth century B.C. Historians and scholars claim that their rule was the longest in the history of ancient Babylon. First mentioned in Elamite texts of the late 3rd millennium bc, they penetrated into Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium, It was written plain as day in the Egyptian language. In the time of Old Babylonia they were hired mercenaries for the state and also formed bands of outlaw rebels against the state. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Corrections? On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Adad-shuma-usur had the longest reign that lasted for about 30 years. [3] Submitted by Jan van der Crabben, published on 03 August 2011. Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. The Elamites went on to take Babylon up till Hammurabi around 1700 BC. K. Balkan, Kassitenstudien, 1: Die Sprache der Kassiten, American Oriental Series 37, New Haven, 1954. Other revealing information is provided by the Amarna letters, which include correspondence from the Kassite Babylonian kings to the Egyptian pharaohs of the mid-fourteenth century BC. 1, 2006, pp. However, it should be remembered that there are many fewer texts from other parts of the Kassite state. Sassmannshausen (2001, p. 137) infers that they were subjected to Kassite inspectors. The Amarna letters, which were mostly written in the early to mid-13th century BCE, capture communication back and forth from Egyptian Ruler Amenophis III and his various loyal vassal-governors in the land of Canaan. M. Van De Mieroop, A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. Kassite deities were the pantheon of the Kassites ( Akkadian: Ka, from Kassite Galzu [1] ), a group inhabiting parts of modern Iraq (mostly historical Babylonia and the Nuzi area), as well as Iran and Syria, in the second and first millennia BCE. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. W. Eilers, rev. One of its many anthropological and theological implications is that Genesis 10 and 11 are historically accurate. 131 f.). How Long Was Joseph In Potiphars House? License. Zeitschrift Fr Assyriologie & Vorderasiatische Archologie, 103(2), 183195. : The Documentary Evidence, AJA 76, 1972, pp. - C., Burna-Buriash Ier ensures its . This document includes a graphic timeline (imagemap) and a hypertexted text timeline 221-223, Marcus, Michelle I. Biblical Archaeology Review is the guide on that fascinating journey. A. Ancillotti, La lingua dei Cassiti, Milan, 1981. (2011, August 03). 6, no. Armstrong, James A., and Hermann Gasche. They had some distinct words for their language, but they borrowed most of their dialect from the Babylonian people. The names of some Kassite deities are known. 2, 1986, pp. 471-589. This temple was probably one of the most important institutions of Kassite Babylonia. The Kassites produced a substantial amount of pottery. Several individuals with Kassite names are recorded in the prism of Tunip-Teup from Tikunani (ca. The Amarna letters show marriage contracts between Egypt's 18th dynasty and the Kassites. Kassite. del Monte and Tischler, 1978, p. 344; Belmonte Marn, 2001, pp. Balkan, 1954, p. 109). [48], It has been suggested that several Kassite leaders bore Indo-European names, and they might have had an Indo-European elite similar to the Mitanni. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Their rule helped to shape many different aspects of the culture and religion was one major area where it was experienced the most. Read Ahmose Is stelae and read Ahmose IIs stelas the second stelae abruptly ends only halfway through at the Red Sea after chasing a race of people through what sounds exactly like the Exodus route. The Kassites left no cultural impact in Babylonia. 415 f.). Ancient Orient Museum, Lapis Lazuli fragment with building inscriptions, Kassite, from Iraq. This garden was cited as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World by the historian Herodotus. They introduced war chariots, The Kassites were defeated by the Elamites in 1157 B.C. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. They were the Babylonians in the south and the Assyrians to the north. An Elamite, Kutir-Nahhunte, captures the last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi (1157 - 1155 B.C. Kassites are recorded in Nuzi during the 15th century BCE (see Brinkman, 1976-80, pp. 95 ff. [7], Documentation of the Kassite period depends heavily on the scattered and disarticulated tablets from Nippur, where thousands of tablets and fragments have been excavated. Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. Diakonoff, Warminster, 1982, pp. What Is The Eye Of The Needle (Matthew 19:23-24 / Mark 10:25)? ; Nashef, 1982, pp. Kassite toponyms refer to three polities in western Media, viz., Nahi-marti, Bt-Kilamzah, and Bt-Kubatti. And I realized all my beliefs like what Edison believed came from the Bible. 19-38. . 210 f.). Its end is dated to 1150 BCE. THE OLD TO MIDDLE BABYLONIAN TRANSITION: HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY OF THE MESOPOTAMIAN DARK AGE. gypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant, vol. J. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. His stele tells of a civil war of sorts and is backed by later Greek sources. 38, no. Krishna was the father of Abraham (Brahma). [32][33] The Kassites also extended their power into the Persian Gulf, including at Qal'at al-Bahrain. Idem, Zur Organisation des gesellschaftlichen Lebens im kassitischen und nachkassitischen Babylonien: Verwaltungsstruktur und Gemeinschaften, in H. Hirsch and H. Hunger, eds., Vortrge gehalten auf der 28 Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale in Wien, 6.-10 Juli 1981, Archiv fr Orientforschung Beiheft 19, Vienna, 1982, pp. B. of M. Salvini, The Habiru Prism of King Tunip-Teup of Tikunani, Documenta Asiana: Collana di Studi sullAnatolia e lAsia Anteriore antica diretta da Mirjo Salvini 3, Rome, 1996, Archiv fr Orientforschung 46/47, 1999-2000, pp. Unfortunately, many of those tablets have not yet been published, including hundreds held in the Ottoman Museum in Istanbul. Babylonia was next invaded by the Kassites in the period 1550-1169 b.c. J. Oelsner, Landvergabe im kassitischen Babylonien, in M. A. Dandamayev, I. Gershevitch, H. Klengel, G. Komorczy, M. T. Larsen, and J. N. Postgate, eds., Societies and Languages in the Ancient Near East: Studies in Honour of I.M. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". (Bible Quiz), Journal of Ancient EgyptianInterconnections, Israel Mentioned in Egyptian Inscriptions, 15 Christian Leaders That Make More Money Getting Out Of Bed Than Youll Make All Year, Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Neo Babylonian Period [626 - 529 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible, Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Middle Babylonian Period [1000 625 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible. The chronology of the Kassite rulers is very uncertain. New Testament Overview - General survey of the New Testament. Mesopotamian Pottery. World History Encyclopedia. 3 And all the princes of the king of Babylon came in, and sat . Therefore, it cannot be ruled out that this may be just an accident of documentation. Bill T. Arnold. "10. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. 411 f.) is of the opinion that they penetrated from the central Zagros via the lower Diyala region into northern Babylonia, notably the Sippar region during the late Old Babylonian period. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. This capital, which was located in the far north of Babylonia, included a big palace and a temple with a high tower of the ziggurat type. They reportedly dominated this territory from roughly the twelfth through the tenth centuries B.C.E. The Kassites retained power for about four hundred years (until 1155 BC). Idem, Hurrians as Well as Individuals Bearing Hurrian and Strange Names in Sumerian Sources, in A. F. Rainey, A. Kempinski, and M. Sigrist, eds., Kinatttu a drti. 492-507, Brinkman, J. What does a 3 digit interstate numbers mean? At the peak of their power the Kassites, under Kurigalzu I in the mid 14h century BC, conquered Elam and sacked the capital of Susa. ), in O. Lipschits and J. Blenkinsopp, eds., Judah and Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period, Winona Lake, 2003, pp. Amazing Bible Timeline with World History, http://www.thenagain.info/WebChron/MiddleEast/Kassites.html, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassites#Kassite_Dynasty_of_Babylo, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kassite_Babylonia_EN.svg. The texts are unclear about who the Apiru/Hapiru/Habiru people are. Sassmannshausen (1999, pp. The art of the Kassite period is best known for a type of stone monument known as a kudurru ( 1985.45 ). For a time I said I was an atheist. Kassite kings ruled for about 400 years. The documents reveal a centralized administration under the governor of Nippur and its province. 55, No. Another ancient Middle Eastern people known as the Elam finally defeated the last Kassite ruler in 12 B.C. After the invasion of Tukulti-Ninurta I the Kassite rulers of Babylonia bore a mixture of Akkadian and Kassite names. Brinkman, 1986). Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. Several members of the ruling family of Ellipi (< Middle Babylonian Ullipi, with attenuation of the initial vowel, according to A. Fuchs apud Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 151b) bore Kassite names. Isaac was 100 years later in 2048bce, or 2048 from Adam. Before entering Mesopotamia they were illiterate mountain people speaking a language that is not known today. to 540 B.C. Idem, rev. Donbaz, Veysel. The Babylonian territory had experienced internal strife and rebellion and the people of Elam took advantage of this situation and conquered Babylon. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. kassites in the bible. Idem, Studies in Babylonian Feudalism of the Kassite Period, tr. Ancient Jerusalem - Interactive Study of Jerusalem with Map. J. There were nearly thirty rulers who controlled Babylon under the reign of the Kassites, and they started with Agum II and ended with Enlil-nadin-ahi. [21] At the site of Isin, which had been abandoned after the time of Samsu-iluna, major rebuilding work occurred on the religious district including the temple of Gula. Volume 1 Kardunia. The Kassite rulers encouraged the collection, codification, and canonization of Babylonian religious-literary texts. The canal Habur-ibal-buga (see Balkan, 1954, p. 104) is recorded in a document from Terqa which is dated to King Hammurapih (perhaps 16th century BCE, i.e., at the beginning of the Middle Babylonian period; see Podany, 2002, pp. [31] The most notable of these efforts was the construction of a new city, Dur-Kuirgalzu. The Kassites ( / ksats /) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1531 BC and until c. 1155 BC ( short chronology ). 279-84. . 1750-1650 BC), and next an empire centered on Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around 1650 BC. 329 f.): ERN u-q-mu-[na(? It contained a number of palaces and also temples to many Babylonia gods including Enlil, Ninlil, and Ninurta. Kassites. Ghent, 1998. The ancient Near East: historical sources in translation. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. June 14, 2022; pros and cons of stem cell therapy for knees . The demise of the Kassite dynasty was caused mainly by external factors. [46], The Kassite language has not been classified. Schneider, Thomas (2003). Did Jesus or The New Testament Authors Quote from The Apocryphal Books? 95102, O. R. Gurney, Texts from Dur-Kurigalzu, Iraq, vol. World History Encyclopedia, 03 Aug 2011. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. (Louvre, Paris; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) Idem, Forced laborers in the Middle Babylonian period, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 32, 1980, pp. Though the map was inscribed long after the demise of Old Babylonia, archaeological evidence has proven it remarkably accurate in showing the . Following Hammurabi, the Kassites took over Elam and reigned till around . 112 f.). Where did the Hittites live in ancient Anatolia? It is possible that the Habiru in the Amarna Letters are a mix of Hebrews from Egypt and also local rebels from the previous Hebrew peoples, like Abraham was. Adding the years given by the King List to that date would place the beginning of the dynasty in the 18th century BCE, when rulers of the Hammurabi dynasty controlled Babylon. The Kassites first appear as a political factor in Babylonia in 1742 (or 1741) BCE, when they were opposed by both Samsiluna and Rm-Sn Is (see Stol, 1975, pp. After these role models are gone, Israel has 15 Judges in this historical account. Idem, The Ethno-Linguistic Character of Northwestern Iran and Kurdistan in the Neo-Assyrian Period, Tel Aviv, 2002. The section concludes with a brief appendix (chapter 45). The Kassites ( / ksats /) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1595 BC and until c. 1155 BC ( middle chronology ). 31-45, 47-73, 106-33. 2, 1971, Ferrara, A. J. They were conquered by Alexander the Great but later regained their independence. 163-69). As is clear from this material, the Kassites spoke a language without a genetic relationship to any other known tongue (cf. 6969, Albrecht Goetze, "The Kassites and Near Eastern Chronology,", This page was last edited on 5 February 2023, at 22:04. But Babylonia remained a world power: the Hittite king Hattuili III contacted Kadaman-Enlil II (1258-50 BCE) when the latter became king, in order to continue their good relations. The origin of the Kassites is uncertain, though a number of theories have been advanced. Kar-Duniash was the name given to ancient Babylon during the reign of the Kassite kings. The Kassites were a warlike people that invaded Babylon during the 16th century B.C. The Chaldeans in the Bible The Chaldeans may be best known from the Bible. They are well represented among the great landowners. Jesus is the culmination of His ancestors' expectation of the fulfillment of the Edenic Promise. The anonymity of most of the Kassites in late Old Babylonian sources is not greatly remedied by the new occurrences from the unpublished texts evaluated by Richardson (2002, pp.