Chopi (Storch, 2005), Index of languages, language families, linguistic areas, and ethnic groups.. African languages. (February 23, 2023). The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". population. Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. Classification of Southern Lwoo after Heusing (2004) and Storch (2005). Central to the new order were a set of notions about political leadership in which chiefs (rwodi; sing, rwot ) shared power and decision making with the heads of chiefdoms' constituent lineages; a system of redistributive tribute within each polity, with the chief at the center; and royal, often rainmaking, drums as symbols of sovereignty and authority. 102-104, Southern Sudan and the Government of the Republic of the South Sudan, State Minister for Foreign Affairs (International Affairs), https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=15068#topmenu, "2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census Main Report", https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=14887#topmenu, James Ojent Latigo, Chapter 4: "Northern Uganda tradition-based practices in the Acholi region, 1. with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. The thesis will centre not on the inevitability of the war, but will instead focus on the political processes that preceded it. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. [16] In addition, the people have important rituals for cleansing homes and sites, to welcome back people who have been away a long time, to clear spirits from places where killings have occurred, and to welcome people who have been captive. Traditionally, land rights were vested in localized patrilineal lineages, under the control and guidance of lineage heads and elders. ." All lineage males, for example, are called "grandfather," "father," "brother," or "son," and all (likely resident) females "sister" or "daughter," depending upon their generational relationship to the speaker. Led by Alice Auma, who claimed to All affines, meanwhile, are known as "mother." Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. As of September 2009, large numbers of Acholi people remain in camps as internally displaced persons. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. In the past, medical problems were addressed through approaches to various spirits, by visits to diviners, and by the use of herbs, roots, and other folk medicines. The settlement of the Acholi in their current territory is compared to the ethnic groups in the The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. Political organizations are those engaged in political activities (e.g., lobbying, community organizing, campaign advertising, etc.) Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) interpolity interactions at the county level. second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in Organizational politics are informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted objectives (Brandon & Seldman, 2004; Hochwarter, Witt, & Kacmar, 2000). This complex process was helped along by two major droughts, probably during the 1720s and c. 1790, which promoted larger-scale political leadership that held the promise of greater stability and security, and by the formation of neighboring identities against which members of an emergent Acholi could compete, compare, and define themselves. Political Organization. In Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change, edited by Holger B. Hansen and Michael Twaddle, 162-177. Acholi conceive of death as an inevitable, personal defeat and tragedy, against which there is no ultimate defense. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial Our interactive map highlights countries most at risk of genocide and mass killing. This cookies is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). traditional local forms of organisation were based on smaller units, often only consisting of "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". Organizational politics is a natural part of organizational life. collective identity evolved, and a common language (Luo) spread. (Atkinson, 2011 Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed common identity had already formed prior to that during the 18th century. This cookie is set by Stripe payment gateway. At its peak in 2005 over to the land by Kuturia caused a lot of death in the sub-region of Acholi. (p. 34). While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudaneseborder, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Required electronic filing by tax-exempt political organizations. The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of Even though the recent history of conflict can in some ways be tracked all the way back to the [17] Most of the LRA returnees, numbering 12,000, underwent nyono tong gweno ('stepping on the egg') after returning to their home villages, to help restore them to home. Domestic Unit. Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. During this period of growing integration into the colonial trade routes, the Acholi chiefdoms Industrial Arts. Lineage heads, assisted by lineage elders, organized both production (based on cooperative village-lineage labor) and reproduction (through the control of the material means and ideological rules of marriage). They also kept goats, sheep and cattle. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and . Women daubed the walls with mud, decorating them with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. The term is derived from "Shuuli," first used by nineteenth-century ivory and slave traders who noted the similarity of Acholi Luo to the language of the previously encountered Shilluk or "Collo" of the southern Sudan (Crazzolara 1938, vii-viii). By clicking 'Accept', you consent to the use of all the cookies. Finally a common social order and political culture developed, and new society and friendly, but after the inception of the British Protectorate of Uganda in 1894, which included Traditionally, lineage heads and elders were the most knowledgeable aboutand involved withthe lineage and chiefdom jogi, although rwodi also had a role to play in ceremonies involving the latter. century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. be possessed by a spirit named Lakwena, the so-called Holy Spirit Movement fought a rebellion [22], In January 1986, the junta government of Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa in Uganda was overthrown by Museveni and his NRA rebels. When the victorious NRA started violent acts of vengeance in the following years, named Luo. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. areas of the Buganda Kingdom and their main trading routes extended eastwards towards Kenya, Kitgum, Pader and Gulu, the three districts of the Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. The northerners also contributed to the further evolution of an Acholi identity, not only by introducing the name "Shuuli," which eventually became "Acholi," but by acting in ways that promoted Acholi as a meaningful ethnic and geographic entity. Organizations that are driven by unhealthy levels of political behavior suffer from lowered employee organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and performance as well as higher levels of job anxiety and depression. Omissions? He was defeated in January 1986. Uganda Now: Between Decay and Development. While rwodi, 61). The results showed that students had, On the one hand, languages are translatable, which can be demonstrated from different perspectives such as the general characteristics of language, the parallel linguistic, The purpose of this study was to examine the language attitudes and language practices of Arabic-speaking families living in the United States. The state is a form of human association distinguished from other social groups by its purpose, the establishment of order and security; its methods, the laws and their enforcement; its territory, the area of jurisdiction or geographic boundaries; and finally by its sovereignty . Identification. Bride-wealth has varied over time but has usually included iron objects, domestic animals, and, in the twentieth century, money. Among other provisions, this legislation specifically amended IRC Section 527 (j) to require the e-filing of Form 8872, Political . Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used During this time, people were separated from their land for long periods, and many people disappeared or were killed. Kin Groups and Descent. Acholi chiefdoms ranged in population from under 1,000 to as many as 20,000 people and consisted of a number of fenced villages, each with recognized land rights vested in the patrilineal lineage (kaka ) at its core. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Comprising less than 5 percent of the country's population, during the early years of independence the Acholi constituted more than 15 percent of the police force and fully a third of the army. [6] While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudanese border, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". All of these early inhabitants were ironworking mixed farmers, organized into localized patrilineal lineages or, in some cases, into temporary groupings of two to four such lineages. The combination of the two events, have put pressure on the LRA to lay down its arms. Movement. The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North." A company limited by guarantee in the UK no. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Ruhakana Rugunda, the Ugandan minister of internal affairs and leader of the government negotiating team, noted the effectiveness of the traditional system. the furthest back is the historical reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), who described the The Lwoo. The building of houses and granaries has historically involved both men and women, with each performing specified functions. environment and larger distances between settlements kept the hierarchical structures Tito and Bazilio, who were Acholi by tribe, fled the country into exile. Location. limited wealth in the society and redistribution. During the later nineteenth century, the emergent Acholi became involved in the international trade in ivory and slaves, which were exchanged mainly for cattle, beads, blankets, cotton cloth, and firearms. portrayed this relationship in his account as rather hostile and negative: Most of these Arabs carrying business of slave trade were coming from Egypt, they Orientation Given the low population densities and minimal land pressure, almost anyone who was willing to clear and work unused land has been welcomed by lineage heads responsible for such land and, while they functioned, by the rwodi of chiefdoms within whose domains the land lay. Many contemporary Acholi continue to use these treatments, although nearly all with access to clinics and hospitals rely on these as well, whenever they can. Okot p'Bitek (1963). The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholiland (though they spread also to neighbouring districts and countries). During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Political Organization. The Canadian government, for instance, will be more inclined to fund an organisation whose mandate is continental Africa rather than an association with a very narrow focus on Acholi problems. [1994], p. 80). Girling (1960) notes that as late as 1950 there was still no system of individual land tenure in Acholi; however, such tenure has become increasingly common since independence. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team Uganda journal 27(1): 15-30. The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful social control in the area. Even in this . Social Organization. Linguistic Affiliation. )[9], "Since independence in 1962, Uganda has been plagued by ethnically driven, politically manipulated violence referred to by some as a history of 'cycles of revenge and mistrust'. [13] The refugees in the camps have also been subject to raids by both LRA and government forces.[10]. [23][24], The attempt to pacify the Northern Uganda was carried out recklessly with much brutality and unprofessionalism from the NRA soldiers and government. rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting and created larger political Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona The cookie is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. He has noted that the emphasis on the distinction among ethnic groups has even been part of the internal government dialogue." Since independence, formal schooling has provided a strong socializing influence from outside the home for more and more Acholi, especially those attending secondary school. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible against the central government. . We also use third-party cookies that help us analyse and understand how you use this website. This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. While rwodi, members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both limited wealth in the society and redistribution. The history and politics of ethnicity and language 37. Under Amins brutal regime, an estimated 300,000 died many of them Acholi. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"igNXChGgDPbig_bsHwJgxoRb9NTulTcrPPRjDe2iFNY-86400-0"}; neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. It does not store any personal data. The third group of spirits were those of unknown persons and dangerous beasts; these were hostile, personified as ghosts, believed to cause sickness and other misfortunes, and dealt with by means of spirit possession. ETHNONYMS: Afipa, Wafipa Most political organizations take the form of a voluntary association of persons or organizations that pools its members' and constituents' financial and other resources, and engages in conventional political actions to affect policy-making outcomes. Vincent (2012), a Gulu-based [29], Media related to Acholi people at Wikimedia Commons. Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests that from early in the Christian era, Acholi was settled mainly by Central Sudanic (or "proto-Central Sudanic") speakers in the west and Eastern Nilotic ("proto-Eastern Nilotic") speakers in the east. Since the British had set up their administrational centre in the (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International . There were the spirits of known relatives, especially lineage ancestors; a second type was the nonancestral jok of the chiefdom as a whole. The Acholi have a modified Iroquois kinship-terminology system, reflecting Acholi's patrilineal and patrilocal ideology. PUBLISHED: 27/01/2023. Marriage has been typically patrilocal and patriarchal, with the husband and father as the undisputed head of the household. members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been They keep sheep and cattle but are not as committed to pastoralism as some other Nilotic peoples are. An individual had personal claim to land that he and his wife (or wives) had under cultivation or that had been cultivated but was lying fallow, and such rights passed from father to son. Division of Labor. point to the most recent violent conflict was the overthrow of the Okello-led government by the These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers Acholi and Langi in government. Politics has been around for millennia. At the same time Joseph Kony formed his own rebel group, (1936). Orientation London: James Currey. Numbering more than one million at the turn of the 21st century, they speak a Western Nilotic language of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family and are culturally and historically related to their traditional enemies, the neighbouring Lango. Encyclopedia.com. 26). The chiefs traditionally came from one clan, and each chiefdom had several villages made up of different patrilineal clans. When conflict did Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. Verona: Editrice Nigrizia. 20- Museveni has held absolute power since, surviving unrest, civil war, and numerous attempts at coups. the northern regions, this relationship changed. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. With colonial rule came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the authority of a district commissioner. Inheritance. The Acholi are proud and loud, but have been exposed as a group without a uniting leadership. In addition, the peace forums have worked to help establish the Amnesty Commission. The Acholi are the descendants of a variety of Luo-speaking peoples who are believed to have migrated three or four centuries ago from adjacent areas of what is now South Sudan into what is now the Acholi district of Uganda. Arab trading routes coming from the north, trading in goods, but also in slaves. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. (1991). Medicine. [9], In the 2000s, James Ojent Latigo described some of Uganda's social problems as based on the way the political elites have used ethnicities to divide the country. The documentary was met with mixed reactions, with many people familiar with the situation dubbing it a shallow and money-grabbing scheme. Malaria and AIDS have been the primary disease causes of deaths. He overthrew Obote's government and established a dictatorship, ultimately suppressing and killing 300,000 people, including many Acholi. [CDATA[ The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". In 2009, Acholi was one of the six Ugandan languages identified as having more than one When the camps were disbanded and people began to return to their land, customary rules for land tenure did not necessarily have the answers to some of the problems faced by Acholi people: men had lost their fathers from whom they would be granted land; children did not know where their clan land was; women were married to men without following the customary rules for marriage because of a lack of resources; and women were widowed and left with few options for survival. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. 23 Feb. 2023 . supported them at first also regretted their support after seeing the sufferings of Acholi in Until 1967 Uganda was a quasi-federal polity that included five subregional monarchies, non-monarchical districts, and a central government. somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. the Lords Resistance Army (LRA), echoing some of the spiritual themes used by the Holy Spirit Over the twentieth century, chiefdoms in Acholi have become vestigial institutions, and the fences that once enclosed villages have disappeared. A typical household consists of a nuclear family (husband, wife, and unmarried children), although aged parents, unmarried siblings, offspring of deceased siblings, or others are often household members as well. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". The council's representatives could mediate issues between clans, and essentially covered both civil and criminal functions, like a Supreme Court. The long civil war in the North has destroyed much of their society. In 2005, the new International Criminal Court in The Hague issued arrest warrants for Joseph Kony and other top LRA commanders. Individual antecedents of political behavior include political . London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few . Atkinson, Ronald R. (1994). The Acholi resisted the establishment of the Congo. (UNHCR, 2012). administration within the region and the district headquarters were erected in the area of the solidification of an Acholi identity, with their common language becoming an important marker. Given the anti-Museveni sentiment of most Acholis, the LRA's inability to mobilize support - or to at least avoid repudiation by its own ethnic base - is remarkable. The main point of contact Despite the years of leadership by men from the North, that region continued to be marginalized economically after independence, and has suffered higher rates of poverty than other areas of the country. higher now, due to the ongoing growth in population. In September 1996, the Ugandan government moved hundreds of thousands of Acholi from the Gulu district into camps, ostensibly for their protection. Other uncategorised cookies are those that are being analysed and have not been classified into a category as yet. The Song of Lawino, one of the most successful African literary works, was written by Okot p'Bitek, published in 1966 in Acholi, and later translated to English. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. During Uganda's colonial period, the British encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the Baganda. It has similarity with Alur, Padhola language, and other Luo languages in South Sudan Shilluk, Anuak,Pari, Balanda, Boor, Thuri. [26], In 2016, the multi award-winning film, A Brilliant Genocide was produced. Acholi live in Northern Uganda, in the districts Kitgum, Pader and Gulu. The Southern Lwoo language group One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. However, this rebellion was defeated when it attempted to attack