Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. White Lotus Rebellion, (17961804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (16441911/12). Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. After the strnggle had lasted six years, Lin Chi-hich was captunredd. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. But as oue leader fell or was captured, another replaced him, and as the rebellion was extinguished in one place, it blazed out in another. The British under Queen Victoria were a huge market for Chinese teas, but the Qing refused to engage in trade negotiations, rather demanding that Britain pay for the tea in gold and silver. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. "White Lotus Rebellion The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. After both died in battle in 1796, Beijing sent new officials but none were successful. This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. This page was last updated at 2022-12-21 05:40 UTC. One Qing response was to suppress the word "revolution" by banning it from their world-history textbooks. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. Barend Joannes Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under Mongol rule. Another major contributing factor to the downfall of the Qing dynasty was European imperialism and China's gross miscalculation of the power and ruthlessness of the British crown. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Only after 1800 did Beijing adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. Beginning as enslavement protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many citizens. His rule covered a span of 63 years, a reign lo, Kublai Khan Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Some of these militia groups were further trained as attack armies to seek out the rebels, whose forces were thinned by offers of amnesty to the rank and file and of rewards for the capture of the leaders. that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). [6] By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. The White Lotus led impoverished slaves to freedom, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. The feared Manchu banners, since their conquests of the early 1700s, showed they were no longer a military force of much value, and the emperor had to recruit a new army made up of Chinese militia. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." How did the Rebellion impact the Qing dynasty? Inventions It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. The dynasty had to resort to a strategy of removing all food supplies from the countryside and collecting the peasants into a series of armed stockades. How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). "[5] Imperial Mistakes The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. The rebellion soon grew in numbers and power, and eventually became a serious concern for the oppressive Amarr empire . As you might expect, the collapse of China's Qing dynasty was a long and complex process. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. It broke out in 1794, and was at full height in 1796, among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." [9] The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. Szczepanski, Kallie. Matt, I think religion played an important rule in peasants' rebellion in ancient China. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. View original page. In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. (2020, August 27). Write in the blank the verb and tense indicated in parentheses. "Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (17961804)", This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Dream Homes of Texas on Instagram: "POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build in Frisco, Texas by the prestigious @monaco_pinnacle Follow @americas_realtor fore more luxury" 22 Feb. 2023 . Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. In China, the Qing Dynasty had just put down the White Lotus Rebellion, a tax protest that ultimately killed about 16 million people a reminder that mass death and population growth don't . The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. Rapid and often reckless development of the Shensi uplands, however, often led to soil erosion, rapid loss of fertility, and declining crop output. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. During the Qing dynasty, inventions continued to emerge despite the turbulent uprisings and conflicts such as the White Lotus Rebellion, the First Opium War, and the Taiping Rebellion. A pattern emerged of growing rice in the valley bottoms, corn on the lower mountain slopes, and Irish potatoes on the higher land. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion, "White Lotus Rebellion https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. In particular, the court marked itself off from its subjects in certain religious, linguistic, ritual, and social characteristics, always presenting themselves as outside conquerors. Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. He declared that to prevent the capture of the young prince when a child, he had fled with him and concealed him beyond the borders of China. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. Contents 1 Daze Village Uprising 2 Rebellion of the Seven States 3 Llin 4 Chimei 5 Yellow Turban Rebellion 6 Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion 7 An Shi Rebellion 8 Red Turban Rebellion 9 Li Zicheng's Rebellion 10 Revolt of the Three Feudatories Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Grandmother. ", McCaffrey, Cecily. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"uAtwiiQKDz3pej8tikjjXf8qtftBywxw48FuRjxp2JM-86400-0"}; Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Imperial forces. The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. In 2014, with the publication of White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire (2014), Wensheng Wang challenged the perception of the Jiaqing reign (1796-1802) as a "dead middle hiatus" between its past and present by arguing that the emperor successfully carried out policy reforms that readjusted the priorities of governance and enabled the dynasty to . It was an organized religion, which was once popular in Yuan Dynasty. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. The White Lotus is a syncretic religious and political movement which forecasts the imminent advent of the "King of Light" , i.e., the future Buddha Maitreya. However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Corrections? Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. //. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Boxer Rebellion in Editorial Cartoons, Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644, Tibet and China: History of a Complex Relationship, The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. In response, the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers. [9], Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. It took nine years of warfare and great loss of life before the rebellion was put down. . In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. As one Qing official complained:[6], "The rebels are all our own subjects. The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 183942 and 185660. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. What anecdote, or short personal story, does Didion tell at the beginning of the essay "Georgia O'Keeffe"? Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. As one Qing official complained:[9]. The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { Corrections? Nevertheless, where can you catch hints that the -angel longs for his former state? In 1896, Yan Fu translated Herbert Spencer's treatises on social Darwinism. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Update now. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. Sikh uprisings against the Mughal Empire in India, Pugachev's Revolt in the Russian Empire, and the White Lotus Rebellion in China mirrored the rebellions in the Atlantic world. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. A White Lotus rebellion known as the Red Turban Uprising helped Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, capture Beijing, but he turned against the group once he had achieved imperial power. A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. "Tianlijiao ", in. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. This humiliation showed all of China's subjects, neighbors, and tributaries that the once-mighty China was now weak and vulnerable. - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China, - the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces, - was initiated as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society.